Check out my PodCast on what I predict my math classroom will be like in the year 2020:
 
What if you chose to study a subject that you hated in grade school?  And then chose to make a career out of teaching it to others?  While most kids do not grow up to be a princess, doctor or firefighter, few choose a field of study that they have claimed to hate.  But this is what I did.  Or rather, what I did inadvertently.


I found this out my sophomore year of college.  It was October and I received a call from my friend Stefanie. She was in San Diego and wanted to visit me at UCSD.  Stefanie was one of my closest friends in junior high.  While we went to different high schools, we remained friends. This was before Myspace and Facebook. It was before I had a cell phone, wi-fi, and social skills.  Our freshman year of high school we kept in touch through a blue spiral-bound notebook that we would take turns writing and drawing in, which we would then exchange on the weekends.


I had almost forgotten about this notebook, but Stefanie had the foresight to bring it with her that October. As I leafed through it for the first time in six years, skimming all I wrote and drew, I realized three things about myself at the age of fourteen. The first was that I was a huge nerd, as evidenced by literally everything that I wrote. The second thing was that I thought cats could play the guitar. But the third was the most surprising.  It was that I hated geometry. I gathered this from the fact that I began every note with the line with "I hate geometry".  Apparently, I also thought that it was dumb and boring.  This memory came back to me the year I decided to become a math major.


Two years later I began apprentice teaching a geometry class to group of high schoolers who I am sure felt the same way I did.  A year after that I began my student teaching in order to become a math teacher.  


So how did I get to the point that I fell in love with math and actually wanted to make a career of teaching it to young people?  Well, while I may not have always loved math, I certainly loved school.  I loved it and excelled in it.  When it came to picking a career, I decided I should use my passion for education to help others.  And when it came to picking a subject, I remembered my high school calculus teacher, Ms. Admiraal.  She was always smiling.  She made teaching math look like more fun than, well, cats playing the guitar.  And hey, I thought I was good at the subject.  So it was settled, I would teach math.  


This began my journey of completing my bachelor’s degree in mathematics and preparing to enter a credential program. When I began to take upper division math courses, I struggled at first.  The professors wanted me to prove things, to think about and justify why things work.  There were no more rules to follow or examples to study.  The task seemed beyond my capacity.  


It was around the time that I wrote my first proof without any help, and actually understood what I wrote and why I wrote it, that I fell in love with math.  I did not fall in love with the math I studied in high school.  The math that was nothing more than a list of rules and procedures to memorize and obey.  I fell in love with the math that transformed the way that I thought.  The math that turned itself into a puzzle and challenged me to solve it.  This is the math that I decided I wanted to teach to my students.


Teaching high school math this past year , and remembering my own past has taught me two important things about teaching math.  The first is that math has a bad reputation, because it is often boring at best and confusing at worst.  But it is a math teacher’s duty to break down this reputation, helping students approach the subject and giving them the opportunity to succeed.  This is done through building the bridge between students’ intuitions and formal mathematics.  


I taught an Algebra 1 class for tenth graders who had previously failed the course.  Needless to say, many of the students did not possess a positive disposition toward the subject.  One student in particular did not do very much work in class unless I sat down to do it with her. As I tried to help her with solving equations, I quickly realized she had trouble adding positive and negative integers. Somewhere along her educational path, she missed out on this topic, and now she was expected to solve equations involving operations on variables.  


As she stared at the problem, we decided her next step was to combine “-12” and “3”.  

“-15?,” she guessed.  
I asked: “What does it mean to be ‘in the negative’ with money?”.  
“You owe money, right?”.  
“Yes, so what if I owed you 12 dollars, and then I payed you three dollars? Am I still in debt?” I asked.  
She said “yes” but the look on her face said “duh”.  
“Well, how much do I owe you now?”.  
“9 dollars” she said, confident in her answer.  
“Well, there's your answer.” I said.  
“That’s it?  That’s easy!” she exclaimed.  

In this moment, math did not seem so scary to her.  It was actually a subject that she knew more about than she had realized.  


I strove all year to build these connections in my students.  Connections between what I’m teaching and what they already know and makes sense.  Though I have a lot to learn as a teacher, I hope that I helped to break down the negative misconception about math that prevents so many students from approaching the subject.  While this is part of how I make math accessible to all learners, I know that not every student I teach will be convinced that math is not hard, scary or boring.  But maybe, just maybe, they will remember how much fun I had teaching it and decide it can’t be that bad.    


 
Autonomy.  It is one of the best predictors of happiness and success in one's career.  However, as a student teacher, the goal is typically not to be autonomous.  The goal is to observe the "pros"- watch, take notes and essentially mimic the lesson for some time.  My year was no exception. My master teacher was a nothing short of an expert, as well as a self-proclaimed "control freak", unwilling to release control until after high-stakes testing. I can't say I was totally upset about this either.  I did not have to lesson plan each night, and I was pretty good at replicating her third period lessons during sixth period.  

I continued this pattern of observing and replicating for quite some time.  In the beginning, successful lessons felt good.  They felt like a personal win.  But quickly, teaching became routine and boring.  I couldn't take credit for a good lesson, and I could share the blame for a bad lesson.  Everything felt routine and my teaching felt unauthentic, even though it was producing good results. I began to question if this was really even a passion of mine anymore. And then a bomb dropped.

May came quickly and testing was in the past. Before I knew it I was in charge of all planning and instruction for not one, but two different courses.  I almost died.  No, really.  But something great happened during this time.  I stopped observing and started really teaching.  

I taught lessons I created, with strategies that I chose, asking questions that I came up with, and responded to students with my own words.  Not every lesson was a success, but I found myself reflecting on what I did and adjusting for the future.  And on the days that I could see, hear and feel the learning happening, I finally felt the joy of teaching.  

During this time, I experienced some degree of autonomy and freedom for creativity and experimentation, and it felt really freaking good. It was the same joy I felt when discovering mathematics during college and when I was able to connect it to students during my tutoring experience.  This autonomy made me excited to have my own classroom one day.  

I do not tell this story so that we can compare what our student teaching years were like.  I am sure that some of you experienced this autonomy from day one.  I tell this story because autonomy is not just important in teaching, but is an equally important part of learning.  

As teachers, we must ask ourselves, how are we providing students opportunities to take ownership of the material?  Opportunities to try, to make mistakes, to correct their errors, to connect to the material creatively, and to keep persevering until success is achieved.  When we can truly do this, we are not just teaching content, but empowering students and preparing them for life.  
 
There are basically two goals in teaching and learning mathematics: one is to learn the methods required to arrive at correct solutions, and the other is to develop an understanding of the meaning behind the mathematics.  Both are important to teach, but a deep meaning of mathematics is longer lasting and more likely to translate to other areas of life.  Memorized formulas and algorithms fade quickly and do not contribute to a student’s numeracy or mathematical reasoning.  Unfortunately, meaning is harder to measure than method, leading schools to place a higher emphasis on teaching and testing on algorithms and memorized knowledge.  

In my secondary education, I was mainly taught from a methods standpoint, even though my school was not subject to standardized tests.  I remember simply studying “how to apply a formula”, rather than coming home with a better understanding of where the formula came from, why it is useful, and how it connects to my life and prior knowledge.  This stayed the same in my undergraduate lower-division courses, where I gained little conceptual understanding.  It was not until my upper division classes where I was tested on conceptual understanding.  Whether I was being tested on a proving or programming, it was near impossible to do without understanding and being able to discuss the underlying math.

As a teacher, I will strive to teach my students meaning over method.  I will not forgo method, as it is an important part of demonstrating knowledge on standardized tests and in college.  However, I will attempt to ask questions, structure activities, promote discussions and assign work that builds my students’ conceptual understanding.  In my opinion, conceptual understanding is built through connecting the mathematics to student’s prior knowledge and giving them the opportunity to work on their own intuitions of the way the world works. 

As teachers, it is our job to make these connections and guide students along this path; correcting, adjusting and challenging along the way.  Once this foundation has been built, I think the methods we are teaching will be better received and internalized.

For example, when teaching linear equations, it is important to begin with real life examples, rather than y=mx+b.   There are so many examples that students understand and can connect with, but they do not yet have the ability to talk about these in mathematical terms.  For example, students might understand how to find miles per hour by dividing on how far a car drove by the time it was driving, but not even realize they are finding the “average rate of change”, or “change in distance over change time”, or the “slope of a linear equation”.  Making this connection throughout a unit on linear equations is much more effective than memorizing that “m = slope” and  “m= y2-ya/x2 -x1”, when these variables and symbols hold no meaning for the students.  

Fortunately, the new Common Core Standards also seem to place a higher emphasis on meaning over method.  Hopefully, this means that standards tests will be formatted to test students’ understanding through problems where students are able to make their thinking transparent and defend their work.  If this were in place, math teachers would be able to spend more time on teaching meaning, rather than focusing on a myriad of methods students need to know.  

In closing, I once heard that there were four steps in using math to solve a problem.  The first is figuring out what problem you need to solve and what information you need to solve it.  The second is choosing the best mathematical method to solve the problem. The third is carrying out the method, and the fourth is verifying your answer or checking to see if it agrees with reality.  The only step that can be easily done by a calculator or computer is the third step, but this is the main focus of most math classrooms.  All the other steps require mathematical reasoning and understanding, skills that can be applied to all other content areas.  As a teacher, I wish to teach my students how to carry out all four steps, with a particular emphasis on steps one, two and four.  By doing this, I believe the students will become problem-solvers that are prepared to face whatever challenges they encounter, whether in the workforce or academia.  

 
As new teachers, we need to be ready for the implementation of the Common Core Standards, which will replace the California Content Standards.  Being ready for this means knowing how these standards are similar and how they differ.  One way in which they differ is that the Common Core Standards are more succinct, but aim for more depth. 

For example, in the CA Standards for 8th grade algebra, six separate standards focus on various ways to solve and use quadratic equations.  This was reflected in an Algebra class that I tutored in, as months were spent focusing strictly on factoring, solving and graphing these types of equations.  In contrast, the new Common Core Standards do not even mention the word "quadratic".  Here, the emphasis is heavy on functions: what they are, how they are used, how to build them, how to visualize them, etc. 

In my opinion, this is much more important for building the students' mathematical understanding.  Using functions to understand relationships, model reality and make predictions is one of the most applicable components of mathematics to all other areas of study and life.  While many students do not re-visit factoring quadratic equations by hand in higher mathematics, knowing how to recognize, build or analyze a function is a valuable skill in calculus, engineering and other sciences. 

In this way, the Common Core Standards focus on the "forest" of mathematics, teaching students how to think and reason mathematically, where the CA Standards focus on the "trees", algorithms, techniques and formulas.  Because I think a higher emphasis on mathematical reasoning and problem-solving skills will prepare students better for college, careers and daily life, I am excited for the transition into the Common Core Standards. 

Find my breakdown of the how the standards intersect here.
 
We all use math on a daily basis, whether we are calculating tip at a restaurant, doubling a recipe or figuring out how much that t-shirt would be with a 40% discount.  Just this past weekend, I had to use math multiple times in order to complete tasks.  In my apartment, I am in charge of bills and household concerns.  Our carpet has been looking really bad lately, but we got a flier on our door advertising a special for carpet cleaning. I needed to use math to sell my roommates on this idea!

The deal was $40 for the dining/living room combination, with an extra $10 for each heavily soiled spot.  Because my three roommates are on a budget, I had to project the price range we would each pay before they approved booking an appointment.  I went around the room, and counted the various areas they might consider "heavily soiled".  Because I did not know how many square feet would count as one heavily soiled area, I had to come up with the various possibilities.  The area by the door was pretty bad, and I figured it would count as one area at the least, and two at the most.  This would be an extra $10-$20.  The area around the living room couch was also pretty bad, and it was slightly larger than the one by the door.  This could be considered 1-3 heavily soiled areas, equating 10-30 dollars extra.  Together, this meant that the minimum "extra charge" would be $20, and the maximum would be $50. 

Because the base charge was $40, I added this to the min and max extra charges to get a price range of $60-$90.  This sounds like a big price tag for young college students. However, because there are four of us, I divided the range by 4, to get a cost of $15-$22.50 each.  I rounded this up to the next multiple of 5 (a little extra wiggle room never hurts) and told my roommates that we could get our carpet cleaned for as low as $15 each, with the absolute max being $25 each.  They agreed!

The actual estimate came out to be the minimum projection, $60.  I was stoked, because the carpet looked great and the price was a steal. Many people are shocked when getting home repair estimates, but with a few math skills and basic information about the cost of services, this can be avoided. I also used math as a way to successfully present an argument.  My roommates may not have agreed if I simply told them I wanted to book a carpet cleaning that would cost between 60 and 100 dollars, but presenting what the individual costs were made it sound more reasonable. (Especially when comparing it with the $125 security deposit we want to get back!).

How do YOU use math in everyday life?  
 
The little pig with my name on it was always at the front of all the other pigs on the wall of my third grade classroom.  This represented that I was the leading my class in times tables.  This is my first memory of learning math in school, and it revolved around memorization.  As I got older, math basically remained the same in my mind: you learn the algorithm, use it on your test and homework, and earn an A! I had my classes down a formula! The one time I remember actually being frustrated in math was when I did a project in 8th grade Algebra where we could use any method we wanted to estimate the number of marbles in an oddly shaped vase.  It was madness! How was I supposed to get an A when nobody was telling me what to do?

Now, after completing my degree in mathematics, I thrive on having to use my own reasoning to arrive at a solution.  Getting into the upper division classes, I was aware that they would be focused on proofs, but I was not prepared for the learning curve I faced as I transitioned from memorize-er to mathematician.  However, this is when I fell in love with the subject.  I began to see the beauty in the logical foundation of mathematics and the creation of a proof from prior knowledge, intuition and creativity.  My love for mathematics started to come from my ability to act as a mathematician, struggles and all, and not from my ability to receive an A in the class.  I am confident in my claim that I am driven intrinsically in my study of mathematics. Math is definitely my favorite subject now.

One teacher that helped me to come to my current view is Professor Laura Stevens, who taught "Foundations of Teaching and Learning Math".  After 3 years of calculus courses and real analysis, she helped me to actually understand what the subject was used for and where it comes from (intuitively and logically).  She would always start classes by throwing a question at us and giving us time to think of the various ways of solving it.  We would then present some of the solutions to the class and then rigorously build new theorems or definitions together as needed for deeper exploration. 

As a teacher, I hope to intrinsically motivate my students and provide them with a deeper understanding of mathematics.  I want to go beyond the formulas and algorithms and teach students in the way that I was taught by some of my best teachers.  I hope for my students to understand that math is approachable, something they already do, and a skill they can apply to all facets of life.  
 
I recently posed a problem on my social networking site: "How do you personally calculate the tip at restaurants?".  This question reaped a plethora of responses, each friend sharing their own strategy to find the tip without using a calculator.  Among the responses, I would like to highlight three.  The first one, which was the most common response, was "doubling the tax".  This is a strategy that I use as well, as many of us know that the tax is somewhere between 7.5% and 10%.  Simply doubling that number will yield a tip between 15% and 20%, the recommended range for tipping.  Another strategy that I found quite interesting was multiplying the total bill by two, and then taking 10% of that by moving the decimal one place to the left.  This would yield a 20% tip, but the author also recommended rounding up or down to the nearest dollar depending on the service.  Another variation of this was to take 10% of total, and then double that number.  Lastly, one friend shared that he tips the total amount divided by 5 in order to yield 20%. 

Calculating tip is one of the many ways that everybody uses math in their daily lives, and the variety of ways that people go about this task provides insight into formal, classroom mathematics.  Students come into math classrooms with prior knowledge and "street smarts" for arriving at solutions.  Sadly, formal mathematics often fails to make connections between students' prior knowledge and the learning goals of the class.  Rather, teachers should build on this knowledge, encouraging students to share how they might use their reasoning and logic to find solutions.  Lastly, this example also highlights another important goal of teaching mathematics: multiple routes to the same solution.  Each "tip strategy" I shared would roughly yield a 20% tip, yet each person had a different way that made sense to them.  These multiple routes should be taught and encouraged in secondary math classrooms, providing more opportunities for students to be intellectually creative and to find a way that connects with their own reasoning.